Making the Modern World

1	Introduction: What are bridges for?	Frontispiece bridge. © structurae.de Mathematical Bridge, Queen's College, Cambridge. © structurae.de (Klaus Föhl) 'Train passing over Forth Bridge. North British Railway', c.1890-1891. © National Railway Museum/Science & Society Picture Library Island-hopping using bridges. The Kojima Sakaide route, Japan. © 1996 HONSHU-SHIKOKU BRIDGE AUTHORITY Narrow mountain bridge, Innsbruck. © structurae.de (Markus Frey) Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge - the Brasilian 'wave' arch. © structurae.de (André Luiz Zani)

2	Bridge design	The Golden Gate bridge, San Fransisco. © structurae.de Nantua viaduct from the Autoroute A40, France. © structurae.de (Jacques Mossot) Stone slab or ‘clapper’ bridge. © structurae.de (Martin Kelly A simple rail beam bridge. © Simon Dakeyne Ebro Viaduct, Aragon, Spain © structurae.de (Michael Gonzalez) Motorway viaduct bridge, Bellegarde-sur-Valserine, France. © structurae.de (Jacques Mossot) Motorway bridge, Corbeil-Essonnes, France. © structurae.de (Gérard Métron)

3	The development of the beam bridge	Redheugh Bridge, Newcastle. Beam bridges rarely span more than 80 metres. © structurae.de (Klaus Föhl) 'The Fife cantilever', c.1880s. © Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library A historical demonstration at Imperial College in 1887 © Imperial College, London View of the Forth Bridge, January 1997. © National Railway Museum/Science & Society Picture Library

4	The arch bridge	The arch arrives! © Simon Dakeyne A single arch of the Pont Neuf, Paris. © structurae.de (Jacques Mossot) Alcantara Bridge in Extramadura, Spain. © structurae.de (Per Wåhlin) Three arched Bridge of the Archbishopric (Pont de l'Archevêché). © structurae.de (Jacques Mossot)

5	Arch bridges through time	The arch in nature. © National Park Service Baou Roman Bridge (Pont romain de la Baou), Céreste, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. © structurae.de (Klaus Janberg) Ponte Vecchio, Florence. © structurae.de (Jean-Marc Morand) Three arch bridge dating from 1566. Ponte Santa Trinita crosses the Arno River in Florence, Italy. © structurae.de (Karl Gotsch) Old Annot Bridge, Provence, France. Stone bridge across the Vaïre River, dating from 1680. © structurae.de (Jacques Mossot) Central Park Bridges, Bridge No. 27A pedestrian footbridge constructed in 1864 in a Gothic style. © structurae.de The concrete Salginatobel Bridge, designed by Robert Maillart, completed in 1930. Grisons, Switzerland. © structurae.de (Matthai Kurian) Sydney Harbour Bridge is known as ‘The Old Coat Hanger’. Completed in 1932, it took 8 years to build. Sydney, Australia. © structurae.de (Katrin Janberg) Suspended deck arch bridge, Bach de Roda-Felipe II Bridge, completed in 1987. © structurae.de (Per Wåhlin) Gateshead Millenium Bridge,Tyneside, UK. © structurae.de (Bertrand David)

6	The development of the arch bridge	Buttresses for horizontal support. © Simon Dakeyne Pont sur le Doubs, Navilly. © structurae.de (Jacques Mossot) Hell Gate arch bridge, New York. © structurae.de Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge - the Brasilian 'wave' arch. © structurae.de (Alexandre Chan) Maillart-designed concrete Aarburg Bridge, Switzerland. © structurae.de (Matthai Kurian)

7	The suspension bridge	Typical style of a rope bridge. © TopFoto Golden Gate suspension bridge. © structurae.de Clifton suspension bridge. © structurae.de (Per Wåhlin) Clifton suspension bridge – tourist information. © structurae.de (Per Wåhlin) Clifton suspension bridge in past times. © structurae.de (Cotswold Images) New Sunshine Skyway Cable Stayed Bridge, Tampa Bay, Florida, USA . Showing cable stays. © Figg Brooklyn Bridge, New York. © structurae.de (Jean-Marc Morand)

8	Are there any disadvantages to the suspension bridge?	The Tacoma Narrows disaster, 1940. © TopFoto The new Tacoma Narrows cable-stay bridge. © structurae.de/Washington DOT Millennium Bridge across the Thames, London. © structurae.de (Guido Morgenthal) The Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Japan. © structurae.de (John Ochsendorf) Striking 'ship's rigging' cable stays, Erasmus Bridge, Rotterdam. © structurae.de (Erwin Abbink)

9	Is the future of bridges all suspended?	The proposed Gibraltar Straits bridge. © discovery.com Iron cable-stay Albert Bridge. London. © structurae.de (Niels Jakob Darger) Cable-stayed Rama VIII Bridge, Bangkok. © structurae.de (Frank Baute) Alamillo Bridge, Santiago Calatrava Valls, Spain. © structurae.de (Per Wåhlin)

10	The bridges of tomorrow: A choice before us	Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge - the Brasilian 'wave' arch. © structurae.de (R. Medeiros and R. Socrates) Poster for the Forth Bridge, c.1930s. © Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library Cincinnati Bridge, USA. Gravity-anchored suspension bridge with cable-stays. © structurae.de Essingen stressed-ribbon bridge. © structurae.de (Nicolas Janberg) Corporation Street footbridge, Manchester. © structurae.de (Institute of Civil Engineers) Nordhordland cable-stayed floating bridge, Norway. © structurae.de (Phillip Holzmann) 'The Leonardo Bridge Project', inspired by Leonardo da Vinci's original design from his notebooks. Norway. © The Leonardo Project Glass-fibre-reinforced plastic (GFRP) Lleida footbridge, Cataluna, Spain. © structurae.de (Juan A. Sobrino) The present Oakland Bay bridge, San Francisco, California. © structurae.de New San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (for completion 2007). © structurae.de (Nicolas Janberg)

11	Conclusion: A marriage of old and new?	Gateshead Millennium Bridge, Tyneside, UK. structurae.de (Bertrand David) Nantua Viaduct from the Autoroute A40, France. structurae.de (Jacques Mossot) Corporation Street Footbridge, Manchester, UK. structurae.de (Institute of Civil Engineers) Essing Stressed Ribbon Pedestrian Footbridge, Bavaria, Germany. structurae.de (Nicolas Janberg) Nordhordland Floating Bridge, Norway. structurae.de (Phillip Holzmann) Squire Valleevue Farm Footbridge, Hunting Valley, Ohio, US. structurae.de (Dario Gasparini) Ganter Bridge, Valais, Switzerland. structurae.de (Markus Widmer) Erasmus Bridge, Rotterdam. structurae.de (Erwin Abbink) Ebro Viaduct, Spain. structurae.de (Arenas & Asociados)

12	Glossary

Bridges

Credits

Resource Descriptions